NATURAL RESOURCES OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN IN THE WORKS OF RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS

Abstract

This article examines the natural resources of Western Kazakhstan as described in the works of Russian scientists from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century. Based on the writings of Russian researchers and travelers of that time, the study explores the region's natural wealth, including its mineral resources, flora, fauna, and water resources. Special attention is given to the data from the Russian Empire's scientific and geographical expeditions, which analyzed the region's natural features, their potential for economic use, and strategic importance. The article also highlights researchers' views on the ecological situation and nature conservation issues of the period. This study provides a deeper understanding of the historical and geographical characteristics of Western Kazakhstan and the history of its natural resource exploration. One of the strategies of the Russian Empire in the colonization of the Kazakh steppe was to find cheap sources of raw materials and exploit the wealth both on the surface and in the depths of the land. The article examines how Tsarist Russia conducted geological and geographical research in Kazakhstan through various expeditions, scientists, and data collected by military officials, as well as the exploitation of discovered mineral resources. The colonial authorities created favorable conditions for Russian merchants in the development of mineral deposits, providing them with opportunities to expand private industry. They purchased discovered deposits from the Kazakhs at low prices and exploited deposits of non-ferrous metals, coal, minerals, and other natural resources, serving the interests of the empire while also making significant profits.